P

=**P** =


 * Paraphrase:** Restate text or passage in other words, often to clarify meaning or show understanding.


 * Pattern book:** A book with a predictable language structure and often written with predictable text, also known as predictable book.


 * Personification:** An object or abstract idea given human qualities or human form (e.g., //Flowers danced about the lawn.//).


 * Phonics:** The relationship between letters and sounds fundamental in beginning reading.


 * Plot:** The structure of a story. The sequence in which the author arranges events in a story. The structure often includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action and the resolution. The plot may have a protagonist who is opposed by an antagonist, creating what is called conflict.


 * Poetic Purpose:** Text with literary devices and language peculiar to poetry (e.g. stanza, rhyme, meter, etc).


 * Poetry:** In its broadest sense, writing that aims to present ideas and evoke an emotional experience in the reader through the use of meter, imagery, connotative and concrete words. Some poetry has a carefully constructed structure based on rhythmic patterns. Poetry typically relies on words and expressions that have several layers of meaning (figurative language). It may also make use of the effects of regular rhythm on the ear and may make a strong appeal to the senses through the use of imagery.

(point of view includes first person, second person, third person limited, and third person omniscient)
 * Point of view:** The way in which an author reveals characters, events and ideas in telling a story; the vantage point from which the story is told.


 * Possessive:** A form of a noun or pronoun that indicates possession. In English the possessive of singular nouns is usually formed by the addition of an apostrophe and “s.”


 * Predict:** Tell what you think will happen next


 * Prefix:** A Prefixes are groups of letters that can be placed before a word to alter its meaning.


 * Print Media:** Print media include such forms as newspapers, periodicals, magazines, books, newsletters, advertising, memos, business forms, etc.


 * Problem/Solution:** An organizational structure in nonfiction texts, where the author typically presents a problem and possible solutions to it.

Propaganda techniques and persuasive tactics are used to influence people to believe, buy, or do something. Students should be able to identify and comprehend the propaganda techniques and persuasive tactics listed below.
 * Propaganda Techniques** **and Persuasive** **Tactics:**

1. **Name-calling** is an attack on a person instead of an issue. 2. A **bandwagon** appeal tries to persuade the reader to do, think or buy something because it is popular or because “everyone” is doing it. 3. A **red herring** is an attempt to distract the reader with details not relevant to the argument. 4. An **emotional appeal** tries to persuade the reader by using words that appeal to the reader’s emotions instead of to logic or reason. 5. A **testimonial** attempts to persuade the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea (for instance, the celebrity endorsement). 6. **Repetition** attempts to persuade the reader by repeating a message over and over again. 7. A **sweeping generalization (stereotyping**) makes an oversimplified statement about a group based on limited information. 8. A **circular argument** states a conclusion as part of the proof of the argument. 9. An **appeal to numbers, facts, or statistics** attempts to persuade the reader by showing how many people think something is true.


 * Public document:** A document that focuses on civic issues or matters of public policy at the community level and beyond.